Essays in Philosophy of Religion (Jostarhaye Falsafeh Din)

Abstract The question about the relation of God and the nature is one of the most intricate but less prevailed philosophic thoughts of Ludwig Wittgenstein, a proper understanding of which is helpful in acquiring a thorough knowledge of his theories. In early thoughts of Wittgenstein, God does not preserve a natural revelation. In a delicate analysis, he unravels language, metaphysics, ethics and the like from the nature and rejects any statement that attempts to necessitate any connection between them. Nevertheless, sketching the borders he had presumed to exist between nature and language and the linguistic assortments he had spanned to the relation of God and nature is not of much scientific value and can only serve as a way of theoretical conceptualization. He has developed a variety based on his personal linguistic preferences. Regardless of being realistic or unrealistic, he has an abstract approach that is based on spiritual concepts.

Abstract Functionalist approach draws much attention in social sciences based on which social phenomena, especially religion are studied. This approach which is rooted in positivism asserts that any social phenomenon should be studied taking into account its role and duty in a system. This paper attempts to criticize the basics and assumptions of this approach in religious studies. Thus, while the historic and scientific origins of this approach and the definitions of religion presented by functionalists are discussed here, the paper also criticizes the definitions, principles, and assumptions in this approach.

Abstract Farabi's view about the relationship between religion and philosophy can be studied in two stages: the creation and understanding stages. The relationship between religion and philosophy in the creation stage has different dimensions, some of which consider philosophy and religion as identical and some others believe that philosophy has priority over religion. In the stage of creation, the origin, the subjects and problems of philosophy and religion are the same, but in terms of language and time philosophy have priority over religion.Based on Farabi’s transition from a natural approach to revelatory approach, there are two versions of the approach prioritizinglanguage of philosophy which are known as "logical priority" and "epistemological priority". Farabi's view about the relationship between religion and philosophy in the creation is called “representation" whose most important element is prioritization of language priority of philosophy over religion. Despite the distinction between the two versions, the basic principles are the same. According to this theory, the religion is mimesis of philosophy that deals with persuasive methods. Nonetheless, religion and philosophy has some relation in the understanding stage too which is called "interpretation”. Accordingly, interpretation methods adopted by Farabi can be used to achieve religious philosophy and philosophical truths.

Abstract This paper aims at studying Nagarjuna's approach on the question of God's existence. The study reveals that resorting to theological views such astheism, atheism, agnosticism and pantheism cannot present a correct understanding of God's existence from Madhyamika's perspective. By making a critical analysis, Nagarjuna attempts to reach an idea of a personal God that the public have. This paper tries to systematize Nagarjuna's arguments with a method of philosophy of religion. Unlike what is believed, Madhyamika's real approach on the existence of God is neither monotheistic nor atheistic; because this school accepts neither the statement "there is God' nor the statement "there is no God'.

Abstract Nasr Hamed Abu Zeid with his attachments on linguistical and hermeneutical theories is going to create affection between tradition and modernity through a modern interpretation. He supposes his method is the only way understanding Quran in which Quran will interpret according to terms of time. In this point of view some verses are only historical witnesses which are doomed to be forgotten, some are able to be rendered as allegorical interpretation, and some are texts with ability of expansion. In this article Abu Zeid's point of views about revelation, regarding Quran as a historical text and cultural product, and dynamic Ijtihad will discuss. The method of study is critical and analytical. The sources are published books, articles and interviews of Abu zeid in journals and websites, and critical books and articles on his perspective.

Abstract the problem of evil According to which the existence of evils are in apparent contradiction with three divine attributes namely omniscience, omnipotence and omnibenevolence is one of the major issues in philosophy of religion which has been studied by many scholars. . john Feinberg does not consider the problem of evil in one dimensin only, but he divides the evil into two philosophical/theological and religious problems and also holds that philosophical/theological problem has two forms: the logical and the evidential. He responses to the moral problem of evil according to his views about free will and ethical theories .

Feinberg deals with the natural problem of evil according to the theory of fall and natural order. He responses to the evidential problem with respect to the nature of inductive and probability arguments and also the limits of human knowledge. Allame tabatabaei responses to the problem of evil as privation of good into the best world. In this paper will examine the similarities and differences between the two thinkers.

Abstract Emad Afrough primarily in search of religious knowledge Ryalyzm critical approach tailored approach is to make the desired cognitive science And then attempt to combine wisdom with Ryalyzm Sadraee critical approach for longitudinal and adapt knowledge and wisdom, revelation and intuition adding resources to resource critical Ryalyzm way to find religious knowledge.Emad Afrough admits that his work is still unfinished project

Emad Afrough,s approval and acceptance of the introverted approach of sociology of science content, but the insistence on realism, tries to explain the science of religion makes smoother. Emad Afrough comments on this route qualify internal conflicts. and. and